What an annotation contains
Briefs differ, so read yours first. Most ask for some combination of these three parts.
Summarize, assess, reflect
A full annotation does three things, in this order. A descriptive annotation stops after the first; an evaluative or critical one includes all three.
| Part | Question it answers | Typical length |
|---|---|---|
| Summarize | What does the source argue or find, and how? | 2–3 sentences |
| Assess | How reliable and how limited is it? | 1–2 sentences |
| Reflect | How does it fit your project? | 1–2 sentences |
How to assess a source
Consider who wrote it and where it was published, the method and sample, how recent it is, and whether the conclusions follow from the evidence. Compare it with your other sources: does it agree, disagree or fill a gap?
One specific criticism is worth more than a general statement that the source is "useful and reliable".
Length and format
Annotations are commonly around 100 to 200 words each, in a single paragraph, placed directly beneath the citation. Your brief may set a different length.
Entries follow the same order as a normal reference list in your style, which is alphabetical by author in APA, MLA and Chicago. Indentation rules vary, so check your style guide or your department's template.
Choosing sources
Aim for range: different methods, different positions, and a mix of foundational and recent work. If your annotations all say the same thing about your topic, you need different sources.
An annotated bibliography is often the first stage of a literature review. Sources chosen well now become the themes of that review later.